The First of the Months
It is significant that God deliberately set the beginning of the spiritual calendar on the month of Abib (later called 'Nisan') on which the Passover occurred. This is the first indication that there is order, a beginning and an end to the cycle of feasts described in Leviticus 23. It requires that Passover be the first feast of the set (Tabernacles is the last); and indeed it was foundational to all the rest. If there had been no Passover to free the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, they would not have been able to have the priesthood, days of ceremonial rest, crop harvests, and Tabernacle/Temple necessary for the celebration of the subsequent feasts.
The grand theme of the Passover is redemption.
The Passover and resultant crossing of the Red Sea in the Old Testament stands in an analogous position to the death of Christ and climactic resurrection in the New Testament.
Members of the covenant community throughout all ages were to consider themselves part of that community God redeemed out of Egypt. Consequently, the inner motivation for a life of obedience was to arise from a heart grateful for this deliverance. The Passover memorial was to refresh their memory and rekindle their sense of devotion to God.
New Beginning
Passover was also the celebration of Israel's birth as a nation. Prior to this God had dealt with individuals and families, but now He was to enter into a special relationship with Israel as a national entity. Their departure from Egypt allowed them the autonomy and divine leadership requisite for the formation of this national identity. As the sons of Israel crossed the sea and left Northern Africa for Sinai, they were leaving one sphere of existence for another (antitypical fulfillment: Col. 1:13; John 5:24).
Centrality of the Lamb
The center of attention throughout this feast is undoubtedly the unblemished lamb that would be with the family for a little over three days, and then killed and its blood applied to the doorposts of the house. This motif is rich in typology relating to the death of Christ on the cross (which occurred concurrently with the slaughter of the lambs in the Temple precincts. The New Testament alludes to Christ in Passover language so as to make the connection all but unmistakable:
There are many points of resemblance between the Passover lambs and the Lamb of God:
An innocent, unblemished lamb had to die to secure redemption and avert God's judgment (death of the firstborn male).
The lamb was to appear at the house on the 10th (corresponding to the triumphal entry of Christ), and then be killed between the 14th and 15th (corresponding to the day and time when Christ sacrificed).
The blood of the lamb had to be applied to be rendered effectual (faith was required).
The lamb was to be roasted.
It was to be eaten as food.
No bone was to be broken.
Uniqueness of the Egyptian Passover
It should be pointed out that there were several unique features of the Egyptian Passover that differentiated it from all subsequent Passover memorials. Edersheim makes mention of the fact that, "Jewish authorities rightly distinguish between 'the Egyptian' and the 'Permanent Passover.'" (Alfred Edersheim, The Temple, Its Ministry and Services, p. 211).
Christ, the One Who Brought Israel Out of Egypt It is important to realize that according to Judges 2:1, it was Christ, the preincarnate "Angel of YHWH', who Himself brought the children of Israel out of Egypt in the Passover: Then the Angel of the LORD came up from Gilgal to Bochim, and said: "I led you up from Egypt and brought you to the land of which I swore to your fathers; and I said, `I will never break My covenant with you. (Judges 2:1, NKJV).
How ironic that the Jewish leaders in John 11:47-57 were seeking to kill Jesus while preparing the celebrate the very deliverance that He Himself wrought!
Outline of the Passover
PASSOVER OBSERVANCES: (Ex. 12:43. Num. 9:12, 14 2 Chron. 35:15)
Preparations for the festival were to begin on the 10th day of the first month.
Abib (Deut. 16:1; later the Babylonian name of Nisan was substituted--Neh. 2:1; Esth. 3:7).
A Passover lamb was selected according to the number in the household.
The lamb was to be without blemish, a yearling and male.
The animal was to be kept under special care until the 14th day of the month, when it was to be killed "between the evenings" -Ex. 12:6 (margin), Lev. 23:5 (margin).
This is understood to mean "in the evening at the going down of the sun" (Deut. 16:6).
The blood of the animal was to be smeared upon the two doorposts and the lintel of the house.
A later development was to have the blood sprinkled on the altar or poured at its base (2 Chron. 35:11; Jub 49:20; Pes. 5:6)
The flesh was to be roasted by fire with its head, legs, and inner parts.
No bone was to be broken. (Ex 12:46; Num 9:12) It was not to be eaten raw or boiled with water.
The roasted meat was to be eaten with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.
Nothing was to be left over until the morning; any remains were to be burned (Ex 12:10; 34:25).
The meal was to be eaten in haste, with loins girded, shoes on, and staff in hand.
Israelites who were prevented from keeping the feast for reasons of Levitical uncleanness or travel were to celebrate a month later (Num 9:10ff; Pes 9:3).
Exodus 12 | New Testament |
"Go and take for yourselves lambs according to your families, and slay the Passover (lamb)." (Exodus 12:21)" | For Christ our Passover has been sacrificed." (1 Corinthians 5:7) |
"Your lamb shall be an unblemished male" (Exodus 12:5) | "but the precious blood, as of a lamb unblemished and spotless, (the blood) of Christ." (1 Peter 1:19) |
of the Peanuts comic strip, the most famous cartoonist of all time. Like his main character, Charlie Brown, Schulz seemed unable to succeed at many things. 
